• The exact cause is not known but likely causes include:
• Defect in the protective lining of the bladder (a leak in the epithelium may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate bladder wall),
• Autoimmune reaction,
• Hereditary,
• Infection or allergy.
• The risk factors include:
• Gender - women are more at higher risk
• Age - People at the age of 30s or older are more likely to develop Interstitial cystitis
• Chronic pain disorder, such as irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia.

If untreated for a prolonged period it may lead to

• Reduced bladder capacity due to stiffening of the bladder wall which allows bladder to hold less urine.
• Sleep disturbances due to frequent urination.
• Anxiety and depression due to emotional stress caused by chronic pain and interrupted sleep associated with interstitial cystitis.
• Lower quality of life – frequent urination and pain may interfere with social activities, work and other daily life activities.